罗纳德·罗斯因发现鸟类疟原虫的生命周期而获得诺贝尔奖，他没有在人类中建立他的疟疾传播概念，而是在鸟类中。罗斯是第一个证明疟疾寄生虫是通过受感染的蚊子叮咬传播的，在他的案例中是禽疟原虫。1897 年，意大利医生和动物学家乔瓦尼·格拉西和他的同事们确定了疟原虫在按蚊体内的发育阶段；第二年描述了恶性疟原虫、间日疟原虫和疟疾疟原虫的完整生命周期。

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