The gradient created by this drives hydrogen back through the membrane, through ATP synthase. As this happens, the enzymatic activity of ATP synthase synthesiszes ATP from ADP. Mitochondria are ...

which certainly lacked such sophisticated protein machinery as the ATP synthase. There are a few possible abiotic mechanisms, presently under scrutiny in Russell's lab and elsewhere. But ...

Licorice root, Indian chrysanthemum flower, and Avena sativa contain various active components, including saponins, flavanones, chalcones, isoflavones ... decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase ...