Characteristic structures for species identification are sporangiospores, which can be either produced in sporangia (multispored), in sporangiola (typically single spored or few spored ...

Big, impressive-looking fertile fronds are responsible for the plant's name, as they resemble the antlers of a stag. These fronds play a crucial role in reproduction, featuring brown spores, also ...

Once an infection has been established, secondary inoculum in the form of asexually produced sporangia and zoospores can further spread the disease throughout the field, or to new fields. Spread of ...